In churches, ritual protection marks can sometimes be positively dated to the medieval period. Equally, dark, dangerous or rarely used places, such as attics and staircases, also yield evidence for the markings. When statistically mapping these marks, it is usual to find them in clusters close to the portals, indicating that real concern about the vulnerability of these liminal spaces. They appear in virtually every type of structure, including churches, castles, cottages, mills and barns. Surveys of historic buildings have turned up countless examples of ritual protection marks. Doors, windows and fireplaces were considered particularly vulnerable portals. At a time when the majority of buildings were timber-framed, draughts were common and it was believed that the spirits travelled into buildings on this free-flowing air. He noted that evil spirits entered structures 'by whatsoever opening the air may enter in at'. James VI gave us a pointer as to where we might start to look for physical clues relating to ritual protection marks in historic buildings. Ritual protection marks adjacent to a window at St Mary’s, Warwick, Warwickshire It's not just pentangles that are found scratched onto the walls – chequerboards, mesh patterns, peltas (a type of knotwork design) and circles were also co-opted in the fight against evil. ![]() It was thought that a demon would always follow a line to find out where it went by creating a line with no end an evil spirit could be trapped, spinning on the walls for all time. The endless-line design of the pentangle may have been linked to a folk belief that demons were not especially bright creatures. The 14th-century poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight contains a passage in which the eponymous hero dons gear that depicts pentangles, in order to offer spiritual protection against the supernatural Green Knight. In Christian numerology the number five represented the five wounds of Christ. The notion that the five-pointed star, or pentangle, had protective powers stretched back into the medieval period. In doing so, they sometimes turned to ancient folk beliefs and pseudo-theology for inspiration. ![]() One of the ways in which owners, occupants and visitors to buildings sought to ward off evil was by carving protective symbols, as graffiti, into the structure’s fabric. Medieval graffito of a pentangle from St James the Great Church, Aslackby, Lincolnshire Through careful archaeological survey, researchers have been able to find traces of this ritual protection in historic buildings. ![]() Statistics from the law courts show that the majority of those accused were marginalised women, living on the edge of society.Īn extension of these fears was that folk from all sectors of society sought to ward away the threat of evil from their property. ![]() Witch trials became distressingly common, with the alleged malefactors accused of using black magic in a variety of perceived crimes. So difficult were the problems that people began to look towards external, supernatural factors as being responsible for their troubles. This turbulent time witnessed social, political, economic and religious upheaval. Demons, evil spirits and witches were genuinely believed to be stalking the land, intent on wickedness. The reality of supernatural evil was almost universally acknowledged during the 16th and 17th centuries. In a curious passage from his 1597 witch-hunting manual, James VI of Scotland (later James I of England) expressed the widespread fear in early modern Europe that the Devil could take possession of a building. King James VI of Scotland, Daemonologie, 1597Īn image from The Wonderful Discoveries of the Witchcrafts of Margaret and Phillip Flower, printed in London, 1618 ‘THE DEVIL… WILL COME AND PIERCE THROUGH WHATSOEVER HOUSE OR CHURCH, THOUGH ALL ORDINARY PASSAGES BE CLOSED, BY WHATSOEVER OPENING THE AIR MAY ENTER IN AT’ Our expert, archaeologist James Wright, leads the way It’s almost Halloween – time to dip into the past and explore the ways we once protected hearth and home from demons.
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